Vol. 59 | 2025

Traverse Route from Pituffik to Warming Land, North Greenland

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Published October 20, 2025
William Colgan
+
Dominik Fahrner
+
Gregor Luetzenburg
+
Anja Løkkegaard
+
E. B. Nielsen
+
Penelope How
+
Anja Rutishauser
+
Anne Solgaard
+
Robert S Fausto
+
Kristian K Kjeldsen
+
Christopher Shields
+
Henrik Spanggård
+
Patrick Smith
+
Joseph A MacGregor
+
Andreas P. Ahlstrøm
+
Nanna B Karlsson
+
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Published October 20, 2025
 Photograph of the land-to-sea transition maintained at Pituffik harbour on 17 May 2022. Uummannaq (Dundas Fjeld) in the background.
Abstract
Data Availability Statement
Funding
Downloads
References
Keywords

traverse, ice sheet, Pituffik, Warming Land

License

Copyright (c) 2025 William Colgan, Dominik Farhner, Gregor Luetzenburg, Anja Løkkegaard, E. B. Nielsen, Penelope How, Anja Rutishauser, Anne Solgaard, Robert S Fausto, Kristian K Kjeldsen, Christopher Shields, Henrik Spanggård, Patrick Smith, Joseph A MacGregor , Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Nanna B Karlsson

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

GEUS Bulletin is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). This article is distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 licence, permitting free redistribution and reproduction for any purpose, even commercial, provided proper citation of the original work. Author(s) retain copyright over the article contents. Read the full open access policy.

Abstract

We examine the feasibility of an overland motorised traverse from Pituffik to Greenland’s oldest ice outcrop in Warming Land, North Greenland. We assess a 778 km overland traverse that departs Pituffik via the Nunatarssuaq Take-Off Ramp, which is an alternative to the more frequently used, but more heavily crevassed, Thule Take-Off Ramp. The traverse route includes brief sea ice and primitive road conditions, each c. 4% of the route length, and a lengthy ice sheet segment (c. 92% of the route length). This study outlines challenges for each of these traverse segments, including primitive road conditions and snow cover, seasonality of extreme cold conditions (air temperatures below –30°C), seasonality of surface melting and softening (air temperatures above 0°C), sea-ice thickness and potential ridging hazards, and ice dynamics and potential crevasse hazards. Ongoing work is required for annual vetting of the traverse route to ensure operational safety. The optimal operational window for such a traverse is departing Pituffik in mid-April and returning in mid-May. In comparison to aircraft-supported ice-sheet fieldwork, scientific traverses offer the opportunity for more intensive ground-based science, while significantly reducing carbon emissions. Based on previously reported traverse fuel consumptions, a ground traverse from Pituffik to Warming Land would use 90% less fuel than aircraft supported fieldwork. This assessment underscores the potential for sustainable ground-based access to Greenland’s oldest ice outcrop and other science sites within the region.

Keywords

traverse, ice sheet, Pituffik, Warming Land

License

Copyright (c) 2025 William Colgan, Dominik Farhner, Gregor Luetzenburg, Anja Løkkegaard, E. B. Nielsen, Penelope How, Anja Rutishauser, Anne Solgaard, Robert S Fausto, Kristian K Kjeldsen, Christopher Shields, Henrik Spanggård, Patrick Smith, Joseph A MacGregor , Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Nanna B Karlsson

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

GEUS Bulletin is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). This article is distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 licence, permitting free redistribution and reproduction for any purpose, even commercial, provided proper citation of the original work. Author(s) retain copyright over the article contents. Read the full open access policy.

Data Availability Statement

A shapefile of the Pituffik to Warming Land traverse route described here is available in the online supplementary material associated with this report (Supplementary File S1; Colgan et al2025). https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/OIP6L4

Funding

This work was supported by GC-Net.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Read More In This Issue

An annual collection of articles submitted to GEUS Bulletin and published throughout 2025. Published online only. This issue is open for submissions until the end of 2025.

Cover image coming soon.

References

  • Barrette, P.D. 2015: Overview of ice roads in Canada: Design, usage and climate change adaptation. Ottawa: National Research Council Canada. Technical Report. OCRE-TR-2015-011. https://doi.org/10.4224/40000400
  • Benson, C. 1955: Operations and Logistics of Ice-Cap Party Crystal, 1954. Wilmette, Illinois: U.S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Establishment. Report 25.
  • Benson, C. 1962: Stratigraphic Studies in the Snow and Firn of the Greenland Ice Sheet. U.S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Establishment. Research Report 70. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA337542
  • Colgan, W., Pedersen, A., Binder, D., Machguth, H., Abermann, J. & Jayred, M. 2018: Initial field activities of the Camp Century Climate Monitoring Programme in Greenland. GEUS Bulletin 41, 75–78. https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v41.4347
  • Colgan, W. et al. 2022: Greenland Geothermal Heat Flow Database and Map (Version 1). Earth Systems Science Data 14, 2209–2238. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2209-2022
  • Colgan, W. et al. 2025: Supplementary Files for: Traverse Route from Pituffik to Warming Land, North Greenland, GEUS Dataverse, V1. https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/OIP6L4
  • Davis, R. 1967: Approach Roads, Greenland: 1960–1964. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. Technical Report 133. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0657261 (accessed August 2025)
  • Dawes, P.R. 2022: Expedition Relics from High Arctic Greenland: Eight Decades of Exploration History Told Through 102 Objects. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
  • DMI (Danish Meteorological Institute). 2024: Ocean and Ice Services: Northwest Greenland Ice Charts. https://ocean.dmi.dk/arctic/icecharts_gl_northwest.uk.php (accessed 5 October 2024)
  • Fausto, R.S. et al. 2021: Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) automatic weather station data. Earth Systems Science Data 13, 3819–3845. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3819-2021
  • Franke, S. et al. 2022: Airborne ultra-wideband radar sounding over the shear margins and along flow lines at the onset region of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Earth Systems Science Data 14, 763–779. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-763-2022
  • Gilbert, A., Flowers, G.E., Miller, G.H., Refsnider, K.A., Young, N.E. & Radić, V. 2017: The projected demise of Barnes Ice Cap: Evidence of an unusually warm 21st century Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters 44, 2810–2816. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072394
  • GNWT (Government of the Northwest Territories). 2015: Guidelines for safe sea ice construction. Department of Transportation, Government of the Northwest Territories. https://www.inf.gov.nt.ca/sites/inf/files/resources/0016-001_norex_ice_road_constr._web.pdf (accessed August 2025)
  • Hambrey, M. 1976: Structure of the glacier Charles Rabots Bre, Norway. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87, 1629–1637. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1629:SOTGCR>2.0.CO;2
  • Hambrey, M. & Lawson, W. 2000: Structural styles and deformation in glaciers: a review. Geological Society of London Special Publication 176, 59–83. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.176.01.06
  • Hambrey, M. & Müller, F. 1978: Structures and ice deformation in the White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Glaciology 20, 41–66. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000021213
  • Hamilton, R.A., Brooke, F.R., Peacock, J.D., Arnold, K., Bowater, S., Bull, C. & Lister, H. 1956: British North Greenland Expedition 1952–4: Scientific Results. The Geographical Journal 122, 203–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/1790850
  • Hawley, R.L., Courville, Z.R., Kehrl, L.M., Lutz, E.R., Osterberg, E.C., Overly, T.B. & Wong, G.J. 2014: Recent accumulation variability in northwest Greenland from ground-penetrating radar and shallow cores along the Greenland Inland Traverse. Journal of Glaciology 60, 375–382. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014JoG13J141
  • Henriksen, N., Higgins, A., Kalsbeek, F. & Pulvertaft, T.C.R. 2009: Greenland from Archaean to Quaternary. Descriptive text to the 1995 Geological map of Greenland, 1:2 500 000. 2nd edition. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 18, 126 pp. https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v18.4993
  • Hofmann, W. 1964: Die Geodatische Lagemessung Uber Das Gronlandische Inlandeis Der Internationalen Glaziologischen Gronland-Expedition (EGIG) 1959. Meddelelser om Grønland 173, 6.
  • How, P. et al. 2022: PROMICE and GC-Net Automated Weather Station Data in Greenland. GEUS Dataverse V25. https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/IW73UU
  • Jensen, C.D., Jørgensen, B.V., Kern-Hansen, C., Laursen, E.V., Cappelen, J., Boas, L., Carstensen, L.S. & Wang, P.G. 2025: Title Weather Observations from Greenland 1958–2024: Observational data with description. DMI (Danish Meteorological Institute), DMI Report 25-08.
  • Jouzel, J. & Masson-Delmotte, V. 2010: Paleoclimates: what do we learn from deep ice cores? WIREs Climate Change 1, 654–669. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.72
  • Karlsson, N.B., Razik, S., Hörhold, M., Winter, A., Steinhage, D., Binder, T. & Eisen, O. 2020: Surface accumulation in Northern Central Greenland during the last 300 years. Annals of Glaciology 61, 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.30
  • Klimadatastyrelsen. 2024a: Åbent Land Grønland. https://dataforsyningen.dk/data/4771 (accessed August 2025)
  • Klimadatastyrelsen. 2024b: Satellitfoto Grønland. https://dataforsyningen.dk/data/4783 (accessed August 2025)
  • Kurbatov, A.V. et al. 2010: Discovery of a nanodiamond-rich layer in the Greenland ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology 56, 747–757. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310794457191
  • Lever, J. & Weale, J. 2011: Mobility and economic feasibility of the Greenland Inland Traverse (GrIT). U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center/Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (ERDC/CRREL). Technical Report 11-9. http://hdl.handle.net/11681/5512 (accessed August 2025)
  • Lever, J.H., Phillips, G. & Burnside, J. 2016: Economic Analysis of the Greenland Inland Traverse (GrIT). U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center/Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (ERDC/CRREL). Special Report 16-2. http://hdl.handle.net/11681/20277 (accessed August 2025)
  • Løkkegaard, A., Colgan, W., Hansen, K., Thorsøe, K., Jakobsen, J. & Khan, S.A. 2024: Ice acceleration and rotation in the Greenland Ice Sheet interior in recent decades. Communications Earth and Environment 5, 211. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01322-w
  • MacFerrin, M.J., Stevens, C.M., Vandecrux, B., Waddington, E.D. & Abdalati, W. 2022: The Greenland Firn Compaction Verification and Reconnaissance (FirnCover) dataset, 2013–2019. Earth Systems Science Data 14, 955–971. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-955-2022
  • MacGregor, J.A., Fahnestock, M.A., Colgan, W.T., Larsen, N.K., Kjeldsen, K.K. & Welker, J.M. 2020: The age of surface-exposed ice along the northern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Journal of Glaciology 66, 667–684. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.62
  • Mackay, S.L., Marchant, D.R., Lamp, J.L. & Head, J.W. 2014: Cold-based debris-covered glaciers: Evaluating their potential as climate archives through studies of ground-penetrating radar and surface morphology. Journal of Geophysical Research 119, 2505–2540. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003178
  • Mankoff, K. et al. 2020: Search and recovery of aircraft parts in ice-sheet crevasse fields using airborne and in situ geophysical sensors. Journal of Glaciology 66, 496–508. http://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.26
  • Masterson, D.M. 2009: State of the art of ice bearing capacity and ice construction. Cold Regions Science and Technology 58, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.04.002
  • Matoba, S. et al. 2018: Field activities at the SIGMA-A site, northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet, 2017. Bulletin of Glaciological Research 36, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.18R01
  • Meehan, T.G., Marshall, H.P., Bradford, J.H., Hawley, R.L., Overly, T.B., Lewis, G., Graeter, K., Osterberg, E. & McCarthy, F. 2021: Reconstruction of historical surface mass balance, 1984–2017 from GreenTrACS multi-offset ground-penetrating radar. Journal of Glaciology 67, 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.91
  • Meier, M., Conel, J., Hoerni, J., Melbourne, W., Pings, C. & Walker, P. 1957: Preliminary study of crevasse formation. Blue Ice Valley, Greenland, 1955. U.S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment Report 38, 85 pp. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0696398 (accessed August 2025)
  • Mellor, M. 1963: Oversnow Transport. Hanover: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 103 pp. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0404778.pdf (accessed August 2025)
  • Menne, M.J. et al. 2023: Global Historical Climatology Network-Hourly (GHCNh). [GLW00017605 2006-2024]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/jp3d-3v19
  • Mott, R., Vionnet, V. & Grünewald, T. 2018: The seasonal snow cover dynamics: Review on wind-driven coupling processes. Frontiers in Earth Science 6, 197. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00197
  • Nobles, L. 1960: Glaciological investigation, Nunatarrssuaq Ice Ramp, Northwestern Greenland. New Hampshire: U.S. Army Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment. Technical Report 66.
  • Nuttall, C.J. & Finelli, J.P. 1955: Trafficability of Snow. Report 1, Vehicles in Snow: A Critical Review of the State of the Art. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center/Waterways Experiment Station. Technical Memorandum 3-414. http://hdl.handle.net/11681/21421 (accessed August 2025)
  • Paterson, W.S.B. 1991: Why ice-age ice is sometimes “soft”, Cold Regions Science and Technology 20(1), 75–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(91)90058-O
  • Petrenko, V.V., Severinghaus, J.P., Brook, E.J., Reeh, N. & Schaefer, H. 2006: Gas records from the West Greenland ice margin covering the Last Glacial Termination: A horizontal ice core. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 865–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.09.005
  • Petrenko, V.V. et al. 2008: A novel method for obtaining very large ancient air samples from ablating glacial ice for analyses of methane radiocarbon. Journal of Glaciology 54, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308784886135
  • Porter, C. et al. 2023: ArcticDEM, Version 4.1. Harvard Dataverse, V1. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/3VDC4W
  • Reeh, N., Oerter, H. & Thomsen, H.H. 2002: Comparison between Greenland ice-margin and ice-core oxygen-18 records. Annals of Glaciology 35, 136–144. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756402781817365
  • Rula, A.A. 1960: Trafficability of Snow, Report 3, Greenland studies, 1955 and 1957. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center/Waterways Experiment Station. Technical Memorandum 3-414. http://hdl.handle.net/11681/2137 (accessed August 2025)
  • Ruth, U., Wagenbach, D., Steffensen, J.P. & Bigler, M. 2003: Continuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 4098. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002376
  • Schaefer, H., Petrenko, V.V., Brook, E.J., Severinghaus, J.P., Reeh, N., Melton, J.R. & Mitchell, L. 2009: Ice stratigraphy at the Pâkitsoq ice margin, West Greenland, derived from gas records. Journal of Glaciology 55, 411–421. https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788816704
  • Schreiner, B.G. 1965: Trafficability of Snow in Arctic and Subarctic Regions. Vicksburg: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center/Waterways Experiment Station. Miscellaneous Paper 4-713. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0745150.pdf (accessed August 2025)
  • Solgaard, A. & Kusk, A. 2022: Multi-year Ice Velocity Mosaics for the Greenland Ice Sheet from Sentinel-1 Edition 1. GEUS Dataverse, V2. https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/LYDWEA
  • Solgaard, A. et al. 2021: Greenland ice velocity maps from the PROMICE project. Earth Systems Science Data 13, 3491–3512. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3491-2021
  • Stokholm, A., Hvidegaard, S.M., Forsberg, R. & Simonsen, S.B. 2021: Validation of airborne and satellite altimetry data by Arctic Truck citizen science. GEUS Bulletin 47, 5369. https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v47.5369
  • Thomas, R.H., Csathó, B.M., Gogineni, S., Jezek, K.C. & Kuivinen, K. 1998: Thickening of the western part of the Greenland ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology 44, 653–658. https://doi.org/10.3189/S002214300000215X
  • USATB (U.S. Army Transportation Board). 1960: Final Report: Project Lead Dog 60. Report of Environmental Operation. TCB-60-023-E0. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD0263548.pdf (accessed August 2025)
  • Vandecrux, B. et al. 2023: The historical Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) curated and augmented level-1 dataset. Earth Systems Science Data 15, 5467–5489. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5467-2023
  • WES (Waterways Experiment Station). 1959: Approach roads, Greenland 1955 Program. Mississippi: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Technical Report 3-505.
  • Whillans, I.M. & Cassidy, W.A. 1983: Catch a falling star: Meteorites and old ice. Science 222, 55–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.222.4619.55